ARCHIVES of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
Vol. 150
Editor in Chief: Alain C. Borczuk, MD Deputy Executive Editor: Donna E. Hansel, MD, PhD Deputy Editors in Chief: Sanja Dacic, MD, PhD; Jerad M. Gardner, MD; Fan Lin, MD, PhD; David A. Schwartz, MD; Lynette M. Sholl, MD Executive Managing Editor: Patrick H. Kearns Managing Editor: Katie Giesen Associate Managing Editor: Hilary Price
Editorial Office: College of American Pathologists, 325 Waukegan Rd, Northfield, IL 60093-2750 847-832-7400; Fax: 847-832-8400; E-mail: archivesofpathology@cap.org
| ASSOCIATE EDITORS | Clinical Pathology | Bone and Soft Tissue | N. Paul Ohori, MD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomic Pathology | David W. Bernard, MD, PhD | Pathology | Michelle D. Reid, MD, MSc |
| Adekunle M. Adesina, MD, PhD | Chung-Che (Jeff) Chang, MD, PhD | Marilyn M. Bui, MD, PhD | Anjali Saqi, MD, MBA |
| Timothy Craig Allen, MD, JD | L. Jeffrey Medeiros, MD | John D. Reith, MD | Marina Vivero, MD |
| Richard L. Attanoos, MD | Jan A. Nowak, MD, PhD | Nicole D. Riddle, MD | Roseann I. Wu, MD, MPH |
| Mary Beth Beasley, MD | Randall J. Olsen, MD, PhD | Andrew E. Rosenberg, MD | Nancy A. Young, MD |
| Patricia Chevez-Barrios, MD | Jorge Sepulveda, MD | Gene P. Siegal, MD, PhD | |
| Lucian R. Chirieac, MD | Deborah Sesok-Pizzini, MD, MBA | Dermatopathology | |
| Gregory J. Davis, MD | Nikoletta Sidiropoulos, MD | Breast Pathology | Paul W. Harms, MD, PhD |
| Michael T. Deavers, MD | Ila R. Singh, MD, PhD | Edi Brogi, MD, PhD | Artur Zembowicz, MD |
| Adel K. El-Naggar, MD, PhD | Youli Zu, MD, PhD | Sabina Hajiyeva, MD | |
| Gregory N. Fuller, MD, PhD | Omar Hameed, MD, MBChB | Endocrine Pathology | |
| Kirk D. Jones, MD | Administrative and | Timothy W. Jacobs, MD | Sylvia L. Asa, MD, PhD |
| Keith M. Kerr, BSc, MB, ChB, | Regulatory Affairs | Shabnam Jaffer, MD | |
| FRCPath, FRCPE | R. Marshall Austin, MD, PhD | Xiaoxian (Bill) Li, MD, PhD | ENT Pathology |
| Ashraf Khan, MD | W. Stephen Black-Schaffer, MD | Dennis Sgroi, MD | William C. Faquin, MD, PhD |
| Haiyan Liu, MD | Richard W. Brown, MD | Kalliopi P. Siziopikou, MD, PhD | Raja R. Seethala, MD |
| Dina R. Mody, MD | Alexis B. Carter, MD | Aaron M. Udager, MD, PhD | |
| Anil V. Parwani, MD, PhD | Maren Y. Fuller, MD | Cardiovascular Pathology | Michelle D. Williams, MD |
| Victor G. Prieto, MD, PhD | Richard J. Hausner, MD | E. Rene Rodriguez, MD | Qihui "Jim" Zhai, MD |
| David L. Rimm, MD, PhD | Michael L. Talbert, MD | Carmela D. Tan, MD | |
| Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri, MD, PhD | Forensic Pathology | ||
| Mary R. Schwartz, MD | SECTION EDITORS | Cytopathology | John R. Parker, MD |
| M. Kay Washington, MD, PhD | ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY | Diane D. Davey, MD | Glenn Rudner, MD |
| Maureen Zakowski, MD | Autopsy Pathology | Yun Gong, MD | |
| Lanjing "L.J." Zhang, MD, MS | Kim A. Collins, MD | Andre L. Moreira, MD, PhD | |
| Larry Nichols, MD | Ritu Nayar, MD |
The ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE (ISSN: 0003-9985) is published monthly by the College of American Pathologists, 325 Waukegan Rd, Northfield, IL 60093, and is an official publication of the College of American Pathologists. Periodicals postage paid at Winnetka, IL, and at ad- ditional mailing office. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: The annual subscription rates for the ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE are as fol- lows: 1,100 other countries. No agency discount. Prepayment required in U.S. dollars drawn upon a U.S. bank. Individual copy prices: 95 other countries. Direct all orders, payments, claims, and inquires to: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, College of American Pathologists, 325 Waukegan Rd, Northfield, IL 60093. Phone: 800-323-4040. Fax: 847-832-8153. CHANGE OF ADDRESS: POSTMASTER, send all address changes to ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE, 325 Waukegan Rd, Northfield, IL 60093. Notification of address change must be made at least 6 weeks in advance. Include both old and new addresses, and a recent mailing label. All articles published, including editorials, letters, and book reviews, represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the College of American Pathologists, the Editorial Board, or the institution with which the author is affiliated, unless this is clearly specified. Advertising: The appearance of display or classified advertising in this publication is not a CAP guarantee or endorsement of the product or the claims made for the product by the manufacturer. Copyright 2026 College of American Patholo- gists. All rights reserved. None of the contents of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the USA.
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Gastrointestinal Pathology Olca Basturk, MD Ian Brown, MBBS, FRCPA Lawrence J. Burgart, MD Zongming Eric Chen, MD, PhD Vikram Deshpande, MD Jeffrey D. Goldsmith, MD Melanie Johncilla, MD David S. Klimstra, MD Laura W. Lamps, MD Robert M. Najarian, MD Nicole C. Panarelli, MD Deepa T. Patil, MBBS, MD Giacomo Puppa, MD Marie E. Robert, MD Antonia R. Sepulveda, MD, PhD Amitabh Srivastava, MD Catherine J. Streutker, MD Huamin Wang, MD, PhD T.T. Wu, MD, PhD Mamoun Younes, MD Lei Zhao, MD, PhD
Gynecologic Pathology Natalia Buza, MD Suzanne Crumley, MD Ian S. Hagemann, MD, PhD Ekene Okoye, MD Sudarshana Roychoudhury, MD
Hepatopathology Daniela S. Allende, MD, MBA Sadhna Dhingra, MD Wendy L. Frankel, MD Asif Rashid, MD, PhD Dongfeng Tan, MD
Immunohistochemistry Andrew M. Bellizzi, MD Kumarasen Cooper, MBChB Andrew L. Folpe, MD
Mediastinal Pathology Cesar A. Moran, MD Anja C. Roden, MD
Nephropathology Guillermo A. Herrera, MD Surya V. Seshan, MD Luan D. Truong, MD
Neuropathology Kar-Ming Fung, MD, PhD Roger E. Mclendon, MD Richard A. Prayson, MD Andreana L. Rivera, MD G. Jackson Snipes, MD, PhD Hidehiro Takei, MD Tarik Tihan, MD, PhD David Zagzag, MD, PhD
Ophthalmic Pathology Mukul K. Divatia, MD
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Catherine M. Flaitz, DDS, MS
Pediatric Pathology Michael A. Arnold, MD, PhD Aliya N. Husain, MD Jason A. Jarzembowski, MD, PhD
Placental Pathology Chrystalle Katte Carreon, MD Daniel Levitan, MD Alex K. Williamson, MD
Pulmonary Pathology Israh Akhtar, MD Douglas B. Flieder, MD Teri J. Franks, MD Andras Khoor, MD Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD Leslie A. Litzky, MD Alberto M. Marchevsky, MD Sanjay Mukhopadhyay, MD Kirtee Raparia, MD Frank Schneider, MD David I. Suster, MD Haijun (Steve) Zhou, MD, PhD
Urologic Pathology Bogdan A. Czerniak, MD, PhD Michael Ittmann, MD, PhD Zhong Jiang, MD Lakshmi Priya Kunju, MD Adeboye O. Osunkoya, MD Gladell P. Paner, MD Steven S. Shen, MD, PhD Satish Tickoo, MD
SECTION EDITORS CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Clinical Chemistry
Melissa M. Budelier, PhD, DABCC Dean C. Carlow, MD, PhD Amitava Dasgupta, PhD Sridevi Devaraj, PhD, DABCC Erin J. Kaleta, PhD, DABCC Stephen R. Master, MD, PhD Xin Yi, PhD, DABCC
Clinical Immunology M. Qasim Ansari, MD Smaroula Dilioglou, PhD Todd N. Eagar, PhD Semyon Risin, MD, PhD
Coagulation
Paul M. Allison, MD Jessica Jacobson, MD Jun Teruya, MD, DSc X. Long Zheng, MD, PhD
| Hematopathology | Richard Levenson, MD | Alexander J. Lazar, MD, PhD | Debra G. B. Leonard, MD, PhD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amy Chadburn, MD | Stephen TC Wong, PhD | Neal I. Lindeman, MD | Ricardo V. Lloyd, MD, PhD David N. Louis, MD |
| John Kim Choi, MD, PhD | Anirban Maitra, MBBS | ||
| Genevieve M. Crane, MD, PhD | Clinical Effectiveness | Dipen Maru, MD | Eugene J. Mark, MD |
| Eric D. Hsi, MD | and Economics | Juan Miguel Mosquera, MD, MSc | George Michalopoulos, MD, PhD |
| S. David Hudnall, MD | Diana M. Cardona, MD | Arundhati Rao, MD, PhD | Krzysztof Moroz, MD |
| Jerry Hussong, MD | Michael C. Dugan, MD | Jessica S. Thomas, MD, PhD, MPH | William A. Muller, MD, PhD |
| Jeffrey L. Jorgensen, MD, PhD | Brian R. Jackson, MD | Jeffrey L. Myers, MD | |
| Michael J. Kluk, MD, PhD | Jeffrey W. Prichard, DO | Residents Affairs | Tristram G. Parslow, MD, PhD |
| Tara Miller, MD | Emily E. Volk, MD | Suzanne Z. Powell, MD | Deborah E. Powell, MD |
| Sergio Pina-Oviedo, MD | Michael B. Prystowsky, MD, PhD | ||
| Digital Pathology | Social Media | Robert L. Reddick, MD | |
| Microbiology | David S. McClintock, MD | Christina A. Arnold, MD | Stanley J. Robboy, MD |
| S. Wesley Long, MD, PhD | Liron Pantanowitz, MD | Adam L. Booth, MD | A. Joe Saad, MD |
| Audrey N. Schuetz, MD, MPH | Michael Thrall, MD | Yasmeen M. Butt, MD | Henry D. Tazelaar, MD |
| Lisa M. Stempak, MD | Yukako Yagi, PhD | Marcos Lepe, MD | William D. Travis, MD |
| Gail L. Woods, MD | Elizabeth L. Mckinnon, MD | Edward O. Uthman, MD | |
| Emerging Technologies | Pembe Oltulu, MD | Gail H. Vance, MD | |
| Molecular Pathology | and Techniques | Vishwas Parekh, MD | David H. Walker, MD |
| Anjen Chenn, MD, PhD | Paul A. Christensen, MD | Raghavendra Pillappa, MD | Thomas M. Wheeler, MD |
| Ninette Cohen, PhD | Junya Fukuoka, MD, PhD | Saranya Singaravel, DCP, | Myra L. Wilkerson, MD |
| Fei Dong, MD | Raul S. Gonzalez, MD | DipNB (Path) | R. Bruce Williams, MD |
| Jennifer Laudadio, MD | Xiaoyin "Sara" Jiang, MD | Daniel C. Skipper, DO | Ignacio I. Wistuba, MD |
| Dolores H. Lopez-Terrada, MD, PhD | Sean R. Williamson, MD | Peter Paul Yu, MD | |
| Federico A. Monzon, MD | Transplantation Pathology | Richard J. Zarbo, MD, DMD | |
| Dwight H. Oliver, MD | Environmental Pathology | Roberto J. Barrios, MD | |
| Gary W. Procop, MD | Andrew Churg, MD, PhD | Anthony Chang, MD | CONTRIBUTING |
| Gregory J. Tsongalis, PhD | Francoise Galateau-Salle, MD | Michael C. Fishbein, MD | EDITORS |
| Yasushi Yatabe, MD, PhD | Allen Gibbs, MD Sylvie Lantuejoul, MD, PhD | Lillian Gaber, MD Maxwell L. Smith, MD | Hussam Abu-Farsakh, MD Susan C. Baer, MD |
| Transfusion Medicine | Victor L. Roggli, MD | Heather Stevenson-Lerner, MD, PhD | Kevin M. Burns, MD |
| Jill Adamski, MD, PhD | Anjana V. Yeldandi, MD | Lisa Yerian, MD | James L. Connolly, MD |
| Aleksandar Babic, MD, PhD | Christopher P. Crum, MD | ||
| Vishesh Chhibber, MD | Epidemiology and | Virology | Christopher Doern, PhD, D(ABMM) |
| Elizabeth A. Hartwell, MD | Biostatistics | Eileen M. Burd, PhD, D(ABMM) | Jonathan I. Epstein, MD |
| Kevin J. Land, MD | Jan Krumsiek, PhD | Jeannette Guarner, MD | April Ewton, MD |
| Matt Vassar, PhD | Marie Louise Landry, MD | Susan L. Haley, MD | |
| ADMINISTRATIVE AND | Michelle M. Hebert, MD | ||
| REGULATORY AFFAIRS | Global Health | EXECUTIVE | David G. Hicks, MD |
| Artificial Intelligence | Hallgrimur Benediktsson, MD | ADVISORY BOARD | J. Charles Jennette, MD |
| James H. Harrison, Jr., MD, PhD | Samreung Rangdaeng, MD | Mahul B. Amin, MD | Nirag C. Jhala, MD |
| Fedaa Najdawi, MD | Daniel A. Arber, MD | Kristine Konopka, MD | |
| Andrew Quinn, MD | Immune Therapy | Barbara F. Atkinson, MD | Gerald J. Kost, MD, PhD |
| Ajit Singh, PhD | Deborah A. R. Dillon, MD | David L. Booker, MD | Grace Y. Lin, MD, PhD |
| Oluwole Fadare, MD | Jenny Chang, MD | Cindy B. McCloskey, MD | |
| Informatics | Brooke E. Howitt, MD | Barbara S. Ducatman, MD | Andrew G. Nicholson, MD |
| Ulysses G.J. Balis, MD | Alvaro C. Laga, MD | Harry L. Evans, MD | Mauro Papotti, MD |
| Michael J. Becich, MD, PhD | Mari Mino-Kenudson, MD | Robert Folberg, MD | Michael R. Pins, MD |
| Jordan Olson, MD | Erik Thunnissen, MD, PhD | Richard C. Friedberg, MD, PhD | Andrew Renshaw, MD |
| Zhenhong Qu, MD, PhD | Scott A. Tomlins, MD, PhD | Eric F. Glassy, MD | Gabriel L. Sica, MD, PhD |
| Ming S. Tsao, MD, FRCPC | Allen M. Gown, MD | Shi Wei, MD, PhD | |
| Pathology Education | Stanley R. Hamilton, MD | Eva M. Wojcik, MD | |
| Sarah M. Bean, MD | Molecular Cytopathology | M. Elizabeth H. Hammond, MD | Rebecca F. Yorke, MD |
| Ralph Green, MD | Gilda da Cunha Santos, MD, PhD | James S. Hernandez, MD | |
| Tahyna Hernandez, MD | Deepali Jain, MD | William F. Hickey, MD | |
| Amy Y. Lin, MD | Sarah E. Kerr, MD | Jason L. Hornick, MD, PhD | |
| Sara E. Monaco, MD | Jennifer L. Hunt, MD | ||
| Quality Assurance | Natasha Rekhtman, MD, PhD | Robert L. Hunter Jr., MD, PhD | |
| Arzu Buyuk, MD | Elaine S. Jaffe, MD | ||
| Stephen S. Raab, MD | Precision Medicine | Peter E. Jensen, MD | |
| Stephen Ruby, MD | Angela N. Bartley, MD | Rebecca L. Johnson, MD | |
| Kenneth J. Bloom, MD | Donald S. Karcher, MD | ||
| SPECIAL SECTIONS | Jonathan L. Curry, MD | Karen L. Kaul, MD, PhD | |
| Advanced Imaging in | Fred R. Hirsch, MD, PhD | Marsha C. Kinney, MD | |
| Pathology | A. John Iafrate, MD, PhD | Daniel M. Knowles, MD | |
| Michael Feldman, MD, PhD | Diana N. Ionescu, MD | Peter Kragel, MD | |
| Lida P. Hariri, MD, PhD | Sarika P. Jain, MD | Marc Ladanyi, MD |