Immunotherapy

ACC overview

Immunotherapy in ACC is easiest to interpret when single-agent checkpoint blockade is separated from combination strategies and from the biologic context, especially hypercortisolism and mismatch repair status.¹²³

Research Map

Single-Agent Checkpoint Blockade in ACC

These studies cover PD-1 and PD-L1 monotherapy, where responses are real but infrequent and usually not durable in unselected disease.¹²³

Grouped note: Single-Agent Checkpoint Blockade in ACC

Combination Immunotherapy and TKI Strategies in ACC

This note groups CTLA-4 combinations and TKI-immunotherapy programs that attempt to improve response depth beyond single-agent checkpoint blockade.¹²³

Grouped note: Combination Immunotherapy and TKI Strategies in ACC

Biomarkers and Immune Resistance in ACC

These papers focus on MSI-H or MMR-deficient subsets, the immunosuppressive effect of hypercortisolism, and the broader question of why most ACC tumors resist immune therapy.¹²³

Grouped note: Biomarkers and Immune Resistance in ACC

How to Read This Literature

The grouped notes below separate efficacy signals from the patient-selection questions that still limit immune therapy in routine ACC care.¹²³

See Also

• targeted_therapy
• endocrine_supportive_management
• precision_medicine_and_biomarker_development

References

Footnotes

1. Immunotherapy: new strategies for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma.. Horm Metab Res. 2003. PMID: 12931278. Local full text: 12931278.md ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

2. Dendritic cells as potential adjuvant for immunotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma.. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006. PMID: 16886963. Local full text: 16886963.md ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

3. Immunotherapy against endocrine malignancies: immune checkpoint inhibitors lead the way.. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2017. PMID: 28893836. Local full text: 28893836.md ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵